Internal and External Determinants of Corporate Social Responsibility Practices in Multinational Enterprise Subsidiaries in Developing Countries: Evidence from Ethiopia

Abstract

The authors aim (1) to clarify the part played by internal and external stimuli in motivation, and (2) to stabilize current classifications of drives by relating them more closely to underlying physiological mechanisms. A drive is defined as "an activity of the total organism resulting from a persistent disequilibrium." Drives are enumerated in terms of the objects or activities biologically adequate to restore equilibrium, such as water, food, rest, mate, escape, submission, etc. A two-fold division of drives into external and internal is reflected in the physiological mechanisms involved. Thus vegetative and emergency drives differ in that the former are cyclic, the latter non-cyclic; the former involve disturbance of the normal autonomic balance in favor of the craniosacral division, while the latter involve the sympathetic; and the order of initial processes is from chemical to neural in the vegetative and the reverse in the emergency drives. Actually drives can be arranged along a continuum from the most internal type, as water and food, to the most external, as attack, escape, and exploration. Maturation and learning modify the drives, through conditioning vegetative drives to external stimuli. Further lines of research are suggested on the basis of this analysis. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved). © 1937 American Psychological Association.