Characterization of the oxidative metabolites of 17β-estradiol and estrone formed by 15 selectively expressed human cytochrome P450 isoforms

Abstract

We systematically characterized the oxidative metabolites of 17β-estradiol and estrone formed by 15 human cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms. CYP1A1 had high activity for 17β-estradiol 2-hydroxylation, followed by 15α-, 6α-, 4-, and 7α-hydroxylation. However, when estrone was the substrate, CYP1A1 formed more 4-hydroxyestrone than 15α- or 6α-hydroxyestrone, with 2-hydroxyestrone as the major metabolite. CYP1A2 had the highest activity for the 2-hydroxylation of both 17β-estradiol and estrone, although it also had considerable activity for their 4-hydroxylation (9-13% of 2-hydroxylation). CYP1B1 mainly catalyzed the formation of catechol estrogens, with 4-hydroxyestrogens predominant. CYP2A6, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, and 2D6 each showed a varying degree of low catalytic activity for estrogen 2-hydroxylation, whereas CYP2C18 and CYP2E1 did not show any detectable estrogen-hydroxylating activity. CYP3A4 had strong activity for the formation of 2-hydroxyestradiol, followed by 4-hydroxyestradiol and an unknown polar metabolite, and small amounts of 16α- and 16β-hydroxyestrogens were also formed. The ratio of 4- to 2-hydroxylation of 17β-estradiol or estrone with CYP3A4 was 0.22 or 0.51, respectively. CYP3A5 had similar catalytic activity for the formation of 2- and 4-hydroxyestrogens. Notably, CYP3A5 had an unusually high ratio of 4- to 2-hydroxylation of 17β-estradiol or estrone (0.53 or 1.26, respectively). CYP3A4 and 3A5 also catalyzed the formation of nonpolar estrogen metabolite peaks (chromatographically less polar than estrone). CYP3A7 had a distinct catalytic activity for the 16α-hydroxylation of estrone, but not 17β-estradiol. CYP4A11 had little catalytic activity for the metabolism of 17β-estradiol and estrone. In conclusion, many haman CYP isoforms are involved in the oxidative metabolism of 17β-estradiol and estrone, with a varying degree of catalytic activity and distinct regioselectivity.