GREYWATER IN INDONESIA: CHARACTERISTIC AND TREATMENT SYSTEMS

Abstract

Lacking in centralized wastewater treatment plant exist in all Indonesian cities. Drainage and river suffer from domestic wastewater contaminants. It also increases cost of water treatment plant operation if river used as water source. Using of greywater treatment system is believed as new solution. This paper will review application of greywater treatment in Indonesia. Some projects exist but most of them need supports from third party and their initial costs are high. Thus, low cost and reuse system in small community or household are important. Researches showed that constructed wetland is quite promising because the reduction of BOD concentration can reach 60-94%. However, land requirement and greywater generation could be the limitation and Anaerobic Baffled Reactor can be used as an alternative. INTRODUCTION Indonesia, is the country with population around 240 million people, the fourth biggest population country in the world. Indonesia consists of 17,508 islands, about 6,000 of which are inhabited. These scattered islands location provide challenges for infrastructure development, including the development of sanitation infrastructure. Nowadays, around 71,06% of urban population and 32,47 % of rural population are served by the save on site sanitation system [1]. Save sanitation here defined as the house hold that already have septictank but the condition of septic tank are not measured. For centralized sanitation system, the percentage of people served only reached 2,33% which only served the urban area [1]. The rest are still doing open defecation. Domestic wastewater is estimated to contribute about 70% of organic loading in rivers in urban areas in Indonesia [2]. Most of domestic wastewater in Indonesia comes from greywater, which is flowing through the sewer or drainage system without treatment, if exist, from where it mainly flows into aquatic system. Combination with inappropriate waste management, in most cities, greywater contaminates some rivers that have function as source of drinking and cleaning water.With existing condition of wastewater treatment in Indonesia, contamination of the water body by constituents from domestic wastewater and the higher cost of water supply production are inavoidable The trend of urbanization also makes the wastewater treatment management more challenging. As consequences from the urbanization, not only increasing demand of water supply but also raising the possibility of contamination of the water body by inappropriate disposal of domestic wastewater. The cost of treating water will be high while the higher contamination of water body is unavoidable. Here is where the greywater separation and reuse can be seen as an opportunity to overcome the high demand of water supply by reusing the high amount of wastewater disposed. Greywater is household wastewater streams that generated from the kitchen (dishwashers and kitchen sinks), bathrooms (shower, baths and hand wash basins) and laundry (washing machines or by hand). Greywater constitutes 50-80 % of the total household wastewater, represent the largest part of the wastewater from households, office and schools [3][4][5]. If the black