Aging Brain and Neurological Changes

Abstract

Normal aging is associated with structural and cognitive decline. Our intelligence, memory, emotions, and behavior are stored and regulated through the large complex circuits of neurons. These circuits are adaptive and can be up- or downregulated depending on stimuli and use. Normal aging includes neuronal degeneration and changes in synaptic function and gene expression. This leads to reduced volumes of both gray and white matter. Brain aging is characterized by a reduction in cognitive abilities, particularly in the domains of executive function, processing speed, and episodic memory. The brain has a natural ability to adapt and change with time, and this phenomenon is called neuroplasticity or brain plasticity. The brain can be reorganized structurally and functionally as response to stimulus and learning. This neuroplasticity is promoted and retained, and new connections can be made through intensive and repetitive use of the brain, both mentally and physically. A healthy way of life, consisting of cardiovascular risk control; physical, intellectual, and social activity; and stimuli, seems to delay cognitive decline and to slow the aging process.