Different models of settlement of the upper Paleolithic cultures in the northern foreland of the Moravian Gate (Central Europe)

Abstract

On the basis of 94 sites of the Bohunician, Szeletian, Aurignacian, and Gravettian cultures, marking the Neanderthal to Homo sapiens sapiens transition, stages in the evolution of the Paleolithic settlement north of the Moravian Gate are described, with special reference to environmental adaptation. Relevant factors include climate, relief, altitude, proximity of water sources, availability of lithic raw material and floral and faunal resources, as well as the sociocultural level of the respective groups. While similar in terms of habitat choice, these cultures differed in placement of sites and the exploitation of resources. The most conservative style of exploiting the environment is evidenced by Bohunician sites, which are mostly situated on southeastern, eastern, and southern slopes, 205.5-310.0 m a.s.l. The typical feature of Szeletian sites is central placement on elevations; they are situated in lowland slopes facing north and southwest, mostly at 217-316 m a.s.l. The areas preferred by Aurignacians and Gravettians were larger, with diverse, often rugged terrains. Aurignacians preferred northern mountain slopes, 205-378 m a.s.l. Gravettians settled mostly in lowlands, on southern slopes and terraces, 220-286 m a.s.l. This territorial expansion testifies to growing opportunities due to higher socio-cultural potential, enabling people to inhabit formerly uninhabited zones.