Aarsenic dans l'eau des puits tubulaires au Bangladesh: Impacts sanitaires et économiques, et implications en vue de sa réduction

Abstract

A national drinking water quality survey conducted in 2009 furnished data that were used to make an updated estimate of chronic arsenic exposure in Bangladesh. About 20 million and 45 million people were found to be exposed to concentrations above the national standard of 50 μg/L and the World Health Organization's guideline value of 10 μg/L, respectively. From the updated exposure data and all-cause mortality hazard ratios based on local epidemiological studies, it was estimated that arsenic exposures to concentrations > 50 μg/L and 10-50μg/L account for an annual 24 000 and perhaps as many as 19 000 adult deaths in the country, respectively. Exposure varies widely in the 64 districts; among adults, arsenic-related deaths account for 0-15% of all deaths. An arsenic-related mortality rate of 1in every 18 adult deaths could represent an economic burden of 13 billion United States dollars (USA) in lost productivity alone over the next 20 years. Arsenic mitigation should follow a two-tiered approach: (i)prioritizing provision of safe water to an estimated 5million people exposed to > 200 μg/L arsenic, and (ii)building local arsenic testing capacity. The effectiveness of such an approach was demonstrated during the United Nations Children's Fund 2006-2011 country programme, which provided safe water to arsenic-contaminated areas at a cost of USA11 per capita. National scale-up of such an approach would cost a few hundred million US dollars but would improve the health and productivity of the population, especially in future generations.