Vitamins and minerals in the treatment of acne vulgaris

Abstract

The complicated and multifactorial nature of acne pathophysiology provides a multitude of opportunities for vitamins and minerals to disrupt the inflammatory cascade. In their traditional roles as dietary necessities, vitamins and minerals participate in keratinocyte proliferation and maturation, modulation of lipid production in human sebocytes, and inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases, and antimicrobial peptides, as well as act as antioxidants. Not surprisingly, then, there is considerable in vitro and preclinical data predicting their efficacy in acne. Although conclusive clinical evidence is currently lacking for many of them, more vigorous trials are being conducted with increasingly convincing in vivo data. At this time, data for vitamin A analogs, zinc, and niacinamide is most compelling. It may well be that combination therapy will be more efficacious than monotherapy. Fortunately, due to their large safety margin, we can afford to be generous with our recommendations while awaiting more definitive results.