Ca2+ homeostasis during mitochondrial fragmentation and perinuclear clustering induced by hFis1

Abstract

Mitochondria modulate Ca2+ signals by taking up, buffering, and releasing Ca2+ at key locations near Ca2+ release or influx channels. The role of such local interactions between channels and organelles is difficult to establish in living cells because mitochondria form an interconnected network constantly remodeled by coordinated fusion and fission reactions. To study the effect of a controlled disruption of the mitochondrial network on Ca2+ homeostasis, we took advantage of hFis1, a protein that promotes mitochondrial fission by recruiting the dynamin-related protein, Drp1. hFis1 expression in HeLa cells induced a rapid and complete fragmentation of mitochondria, which redistributed away from the plasma membrane and clustered around the nucleus. Despite the dramatic morphological alteration, hFis1-fragmented mitochondria maintained a normal transmembrane potential and pH and took up normally the Ca2+ released from intracellular stores upon agonist stimulation, as measured with a targeted ratiometric pericam probe. In contrast, hFis1-fragmented mitochondria took up more slowly the Ca2+ entering across plasma membrane channels, because the Ca2+ ions reaching mitochondria propagated faster and in a more coordinated manner in interconnected than in fragmented mitochondria. In parallel cytosolic fura-2 measurements, the capacitative Ca2+ entry (CCE) elicited by store depletion was only marginally reduced by hFis1 expression. Regardless of mitochondria shape and location, disruption of mitochondrial potential with uncouplers or oligomycin/ rotenone reduced CCE by ∼35%. These observations indicate that close contact to Ca2+ influx channels is not required for CCE modulation and that the formation of a mitochondrial network facilitates Ca2+ propagation within interconnected mitochondria.