Chronic intermittent hypoxia leads to insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance through dysregulation of adipokines in non-obese rats

Abstract

Background and objectives: The aim of this study was to determine whether chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) could affect the secretion of adipokines, such as resistin, leptin, and adiponectin, in non-obese rats and to investigate the potential mechanisms. Methods: An established rodent model of CIH was utilized, in which rats were exposed to varying oxygen levels (7–21 %) respectively over a period of 5 weeks. The area under the curve (AUCG) and the insulin resistance index (homeostasis model of assessment for insulin resistance index, HOMA-IR) were calculated. The levels of several secretory factors in the blood were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The mRNA levels and protein expression in adipose tissues was measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results: Glucose tolerance and the levels of adiponectin in non-obese rats were decreased in the CIH group both in the serum and adipose tissue compared with the controls, while the insulin resistance index and the levels of resistin and leptin were increased. Moreover, the expressions of hypoxia inducible factor-1α and lactate dehydrogenase A were significantly higher in chronic intermittent hypoxia rats than in control rats, suggesting the presence of adipose tissue hypoxia. Conclusions: These results show that CIH leads to insulin resistance (IR) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) in a non-obese rodent model of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome, and these effects may be due to the dysregulation of adiponectin, resistin, and leptin.