The Gain-Loss Dynamic in Lifespan Development: Implications for Change in Self and Personality During Old and Very Old Age

Abstract

This chapter explores the utility of the gain-loss proposition of lifespan psychology (P. Baltes, 1987) as an explanatory heuristic for change in various aspects of self and personality in adulthold and old age. Underlying the gain-loss proposition is the suggestion that developmental change is not only one of growth (gain) but also always involves some loss of functional efficacy. Although widely accepted as a useful metalevel developmental concept, empirical work specifically devised to examine the gain-loss dynamic is less prevalent. Most studies of self and personality functioning in adult-hood and old age focus on a single dimension of change (gain, maintenance, or loss). The Baltes proposition, however, points to the advantages of taking a broad systemic approach whereby the dialectics among dimensions of gain, maintenance, and loss are considered. The final section of this chapter focuses on such a systemic approach. It examines the idea that the transition from the third to the fourth age is characterized by the breakdown of systems that contribute to a positive ratio of gain over loss. Are aspects of self-related and personality functioning expected to change in late adult-hood and very old age? If so, how might we best characterize the nature of age-related changes in these life phases: Do they represent growth or decline, gains or losses? Furthermore, what criteria and standards could be used for this judgment? P. Baltes (1987) proposed that rather than describing development as unidimen-sional, it is best considered as involving both gains and losses. Underlying his gain-loss proposition was the suggestion that developmental change at all ages entails elements of gain (growth) and elements of loss. As he argued in 1987 (p. 613), the process U. M. Staudinger et al. (eds.), Understanding Human Development