Association of postoperative length of stay with outcomes following orthotopic heart transplantation—A national analysis

Abstract

Background: In the absence of standardized recovery protocols, there is little evidence to guide postoperative care to ensure optimal in-hospital and long-term outcomes following heart transplantation (HT). Using two national databases, we examined the association between postoperative length of stay (LOS) with patient/graft survival, index hospitalization costs, and non-elective readmissions. Methods: Adult HT recipients from 2010 to 2019 were identified and analyzed within the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN) Database and Nationwide Readmissions Database (NRD). The risk-adjusted relationship between 1-year mortality and LOS was assessed with restricted cubic splines and subsequently used to stratify patients into Expedited (7–11 days), Routine (12–16 days), and Delayed (>16) discharge groups. Survival outcomes were analyzed using Restricted Means Survival Time analysis (RMST) and multivariable Cox models. Results: Of 9995 HT recipients within the OPTN, 3777 (38%) were categorized as Expedited, and 3040 (30%) as Routine. After adjustment, expedited discharge was not associated with inferior 90-day (ΔRMST -.01, p =.91) and 1-year patient survival (ΔRMST -.02, p =.53). Additionally, expedited was not associated with increased odds of non-elective readmission at 90-days (HR 1.04, CI.77–1.43) relative to Routine discharge. Counterfactual analysis revealed an estimated cost saving of $50 million if all Routine patients received an expedited discharge. Conclusion: Expedited discharge after HT seems to be cost-effective and is not associated with inferior outcomes. Institutional-level outcome analyses should be performed to identify patients that would benefit from expedited discharge, and future studies should analyze the feasibility of implementing standardized discharge protocols following HT.