New insights into genetic characteristics between multiple myeloma and COVID-19: An integrative bioinformatics analysis of gene expression omnibus microarray and the cancer genome atlas data

Abstract

Background: Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematological malignancy. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection correlates with MM features. This study aimed to identify MM prognostic biomarkers with potential association with COVID-19. Methods: Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in five MM data sets (GSE47552, GSE16558, GSE13591, GSE6477, and GSE39754) with the same expression trends were screened out. Functional enrichment analysis and the protein-protein interaction network were performed for all DEGs. Prognosis-associated DEGs were screened using the stepwise Cox regression analysis in the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) MMRF-CoMMpass cohort and the GSE24080 data set. Prognosis-associated DEGs associated with COVID-19 infection in the GSE164805 data set were also identified. Results: A total of 98 DEGs with the same expression trends in five data sets were identified, and 83 DEGs were included in the protein-protein interaction network. Cox regression analysis identified 16 DEGs were associated with MM prognosis in the TCGA cohort, and only the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6C (COX6C) gene (HR = 1.717, 95% CI 1.231–2.428, p =.002) and the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2) gene (HR = 0.882, 95% CI 0.798–0.975, p =.014) were independent factors related to MM prognosis in the GSE24080 data set. Both of them were downregulated in patients with mild COVID-19 infection compared with controls but were upregulated in patients with severe COVID-19 compared with patients with mild illness. Conclusions: The NOD2 and COX6C genes might be used as prognostic biomarkers in MM. The two genes might be associated with the development of COVID-19 infection.