A prospective case series evaluating use of an in-line air detection and purging system to reduce air burden during major surgery

Abstract

BACKGROUND Intravascular air embolism (AE) is a preventable but potentially catastrophic complication caused by intravenous tubing, trauma, and diagnostic and surgical procedures. The potentially fatal risks of arterial AE are well-known, and emerging evidence demonstrates impact of venous AEs on inflammatory response and coagulation factors. A novel FDA-approved in-line air detection and purging system was used to detect and remove air caused by administering a rapid fluid bolus during surgery. METHODS A prospective, randomized, case series was conducted. Subjects were observed using standard monitors, including transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in the operating room. After general anesthesia was induced, an introducer and pulmonary artery catheter was inserted in the right internal jugular to administer fluids and monitor cardiac pressures. Six patients undergoing cardiac surgery were studied. Each patient received four randomized fluid boluses: two with the in-line air purging device, two without. For each bolus, a bulb infuser was squeezed three times (10-15 mL) over 5 s. The TEE was positioned in the mid-esophageal right atrium (RA) to quantify peak air clearance, and images were video recorded throughout each bolus. Air was quantified using optical densitometry (OD) from images demonstrating maximal air in the RA. RESULTS All subjects demonstrated significantly lower air burden when the air reduction device was used (p = 0.004), and the average time to clear 90% of air was also lower, 3.7 ± 1.2 s vs. 5.3 ± 1.3 s (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION An air purging system reduced air burden from bolus administration and could consequently reduce the risk of harmful or fatal AEs during surgery.