A Global Assessment of the Controls on the Fractionation of Arc Magmas

Abstract

During the differentiation of arc magmas, fractionating liquids follow a series of cotectics, where the co-crystallization of multiple minerals control the melt compositional trajectories, commonly referred to as liquid lines of descent (LLD). These cotectics are sensitive to intensive properties, including fractionation pressure and melt H2O concentration, and changes in these variables produce systematic differences in the LLDs of arc lavas. Based on a compilation of experimental studies, we develop two major element proxies that exploit differences in LLDs to constrain the fractionation conditions of arc magmas. Near-primary fractionating magmas evolve along the olivine-clinopyroxene cotectic, which is pressure-sensitive. We use this sensitivity to develop a proxy for early fractionation pressure based on the normative mineral compositions of melts with 8 ± 1 wt.% MgO. Fractionation in more evolved magmas is controlled by the clinopyroxene-plagioclase cotectic, which is strongly sensitive to magmatic H2O contents. We use this relationship to develop an H2O proxy that is calibrated to the normative mineral components of melts with 2–4 wt.% MgO. These two proxies provide new tools for estimating the variations in pressure and temperature between magmatic systems. We applied these proxies to compiled major element data and phenocryst assemblages from modern volcanic arcs and show that in island arcs early fractionation is relatively shallow and magmas are dominantly H2O-poor, while continental arcs are characterized by more hydrous and deeper early fractionation. These differences likely reflect variations in the relative contributions of decompression and flux melting in combination with distinct upper plate controls on arc melt generation.