Characterisation of Airborne Particulate Matter in a City Environment

Abstract

Airborne particulate matter contains a mixture of pollutants. Identifying the source of these particles, their composition and physical/chemical properties would help to provide a clear connection between their impacts on the environment and the human health. Individual particles have a different chemical morphology and this data could provide information on the formation and reaction mechanism of these particles. It also helps to identify the source they originate from as well as their atmospheric history. Over the years, numerous studies have been conducted to characterise PM 10 and little work has been carried out on PM 2.5 . However, there is an emerging interest in identifying the effects of very fine particles such as nano-particles. The main objective of this research project was to carry out a comprehensive characterisation study of nano-particles Vol. 2, No. 4 Modern Applied Science 18 collected from a city environment. Environmental monitoring samples from a local authority monitoring site were collected over a period of 7 months using a tapered element oscillating microbalance technique (TEOM). The sample filters were then analysed for their morphology and elemental compositions using SEM/EDS and LA-ICP-MS. SEM/EDS analysis was able to detect several heavy metal particulate matter while the LA-ICP-MS showed that there were more heavy metals present in the filter samples especially the heavier metals. Some of these heavier elements could have been inhibited by organic or higher amounts of the more common metals found in the EDS such as Fe, Zn, Si and Al. Nano-particles originated from high temperature sources, biological, carbonaceous and road transport were also detected in the samples. It was also found that particles containing more metallic elements tended to have a more defined shape while carbonaceous materials typically had amorphous structures. Tests showed that particles with environmental dust compositions of Ca, Al and Si were abundant. It was observed that the biological particles had very fine sizes.