Biomedical applications of green synthesized nanoparticles

Abstract

Nanotechnology is an emerging field in the area of interdisciplinary research. Nanoparticle research is inevitable today due to its wide applications. So many chemical and physical methods have been used for nanoparticles synthesis. Many of these methods exert huge adverse environmental effects, need technical expertise, and high cost. Therefore, there is urgency to establish a trustworthy low-cost technology for nanoparticles synthesis. This method involving biological materials named plants, microorganisms, enzymes, etc. may be best eco-friendly alternatives. Synthesis of nanoparticles with plant extracts is additional beneficial over the other biological processes. The plant extracts are acting as reducing agent for nanoparticles synthesis. Moreover, plant-mediated nanoparticles synthesis is a single-step method for biosynthesis process. It is cost-effective, environmentally conducive, and safe for human therapeutic applications. Various plant materials such as extracts of fruits, leaves, roots, fruit peels, callus, etc. have been considered suitable agent for the synthesis of silver, gold, platinum, titanium, and other nanoparticles in different sizes and shapes. Biomedical applications of nanoparticles include antimicrobial, antifungal, immunomodulatory, and anticancer agents. More plant extracts or drugs can be loaded because of the lesser size and enormous surface area of nanoparticles, and hence it may act as appropriate vehicle for the drug delivery. The competence of absorption of drugs and upsurge in apoptosis of abnormal cells could be possible by using nanoparticles. Recently, some research reports have indicated the therapeutic efficacy of green synthesized nanoparticles against leishmaniasis and tuberculosis. In the future, nanoparticles practice may exposed a new vistas for healthcare and disease management.