Phosphorylation of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 dUTPase Upregulated Viral dUTPase Activity To Compensate for Low Cellular dUTPase Activity for Efficient Viral Replication

Abstract

We recently reported that herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) protein kinase Us3 phosphorylated viral dUTPase (vdUTPase) at serine 187 (Ser-187) to upregulate its enzymatic activity, which promoted HSV-1 replication in human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells but not in human carcinoma HEp-2 cells. In the present study, we showed that endogenous cellular dUTPase activity in SK-N-SH cells was significantly lower than that in HEp-2 cells and that overexpression of cellular dUTPase in SK-N-SH cells increased the replication of an HSV-1 mutant with an alanine substitution for Ser-187 (S187A) in vdUTPase to the wild-type level. In addition, we showed that knockdown of cellular dUTPase in HEp-2 cells significantly reduced replication of the mutant vdUTPase (S187A) virus but not that of wild-type HSV-1. Furthermore, the replacement of Ser-187 in vdUTPase with aspartic acid, which mimics constitutive phosphorylation, and overexpression of cellular dUTPase restored viral replication to the wild-type level in cellular dUTPase knockdown HEp-2 cells. These results indicated that sufficient dUTPase activity was required for efficient HSV-1 replication and supported the hypothesis that Us3 phosphorylation of vdUTPase Ser-187 upregulated vdUTPase activity in host cells with low cellular dUTPase activity to produce efficient viral replication.virus. IMPORTANCE It has long been assumed that dUTPase activity is important for replication of viruses encoding a dUTPase and that the viral dUTPase (vdUTPase) activity was needed if host cell dUTPase activity was not sufficient for efficient viral replication. In the present study, we showed that the S187A mutation in HSV-1 vdUTPase, which impaired its enzymatic activity, reduced viral replication in SK-N-SH cells, which have low endogenous cellular dUTPase activity, and that overexpression of cellular dUTPase restored viral replication to the wild-type level. We also showed that knockdown of cellular dUTPase in HEp-2 cells, which have higher dUTPase activity than do SK-N-SH cells, reduced replication of HSV-1 with the vdUTPase mutation but had no effect on wild-type virus replication. This is the first report, to our knowledge, directly showing that dUTPase activity is critical for efficient viral replication and that vdUTPase compensates for low host cell dUTPase activity to produce efficient viral replication.