Vulnerability of Harbours and Near-Shore Infrastructure to Underwater Explosions

Abstract

Underwater explosive devices, such as improvised explosive devices (IED), offer a high-risk threat within the maritime domain. An attack on ships in harbours, coastal infrastructure, such as locks and quays, by underwater explosives could have a detrimental effect on infrastructure functionality and national economy. Here, the physical effects of underwater explosives are reviewed and compared to surface firings. Next, a few examples in the maritime domain are treated in more detail: ships, divers and swimmers, tourist beaches, dikes, infrastructural assets and near-shore sea-bed communication. Moreover, possible detection methods and counter-strategies are discussed. A methodology for risk analysis of underwater explosion threats is outlined. Finally, conclusions and challenges for the future, focused on scientific research and preventive approaches are given.