Nonurologic anomalies associated with anorectal malformations

Abstract

Given the emerging knowledge of embryogenesis involving the sonic hedgehog (Shh) gene and the relationship to both upper and lower intestinal malformations, it is surprising that more patients with anorectal malformations (ARM) and esophageal atresia/tracheoesophageal fistula (EA/TEF) do not manifest both anomalies. The collections of data over the years have indicated that the coincidence of the major associated anomalies has remained remarkably constant (Table 16.1). © 2006 Springer-Verlag.