Chronic fatigue following infection by Coxiella burnetii (Q fever): Ten-year follow-up of the 1989 UK outbreak cohort

Abstract

Background: Some patients exposed to Q fever (Coxiella burnetii infection) may develop chronic fatigue. Aim: To determine whether subjects involved in the West Midlands Q fever outbreak of 1989 had increased fatigue, compared to non-exposed controls, 10 years after exposure. Design: Matched cohort study comparing cases to age-, sex- and smoking-history-matched controls not exposed to Q fever. Methods: A postal questionnaire was sent to subjects at home, followed by further assessment in hospital, including a physical examination and blood tests. Results: Of 108 Q-exposed subjects, 70 (64.8%) had fatigue, 37 idiopathic chronic fatigue (ICF) (34.3%) vs. 29/80 (36.3%) and 12 (15.0%), respectively, in controls. In 77 matched pairs, fatigue was commoner in Q-exposed subjects than in controls: 50 (64.9%) vs. 27 (35.1%), p < 0.0001. ICF was found in 25 (32.5%) of Q-exposed patients and 11 (14.3%) of controls (p = 0.01). There were 36 (46.8%) GHQ cases in Q-exposed subjects, vs. 18 (23.4%) controls (p = 0.004). A matched analysis of those more intensively studied showed fatigue in 48 (66.7%) Q-exposed patients and 25 (34.7%) controls (p < 0.0001), ICF in 25 (34.7%) Q-exposed and 10 (13.9%) controls (p = 0.004), and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) in 14 (19.4%) Q-exposed patients and three (4.2%) controls (p = 0.003). Thirty-four (47.2%) Q-exposed patients were GHQ cases compared to 17 (23.6%) controls (P = 0.004). Discussion: Subjects who were exposed to Coxiella in 1989 had more fatigue than did controls, and some fulfilled the criteria for CFS. Whether this is due to ongoing antigen persistence or to the psychological effects of prolonged medical follow-up is uncertain.