INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND THE BIRTH OF MODERN ARCHITECTURE

Abstract

Many factors have been effective in the emergence of modern architecture. The Industrial Revolution, which started with the steam engine found by James Watt in the late 1800s, played an important role in this. The industrial revolution, which started in European countries such as England and France, spread to the whole world in a concise time. With the industrial revolution, there have been radical changes not only in the field of architecture but also in all areas of human life. With mechanization, material access and processing became easier. Due to the need for labor that emerged with the industrial revolution, many people from rural areas flocked to the industrial zones. Although it is positive in terms of job opportunities, the unhealthy living environment of the employees and the extremely dense settlement in the industrial zones have created a chaotic environment in urban areas. To solve this, new solutions were required and the concept of apartment housing started during this period. The industrial revolution has had many positive aspects in terms of architecture. It has become very easy to transport, process, and uses heavy metals. Apart from the use of new materials, new construction techniques have also improved, which has brought many innovations to the understanding of architecture in the world. Developing technological opportunities and the competition between countries has turned into a competition in architecture. With the use of new possibilities, materials such as metal, concrete, and glass, the architects of the period went to create a new trend of architecture and founded the modern architecture was born. "Architecture manifests itself through mass and surface. Mass and surface are determined by plan. The creator is the plan. Shame on those without imagination! " (Jeanneret, Towards a New Architecture, 1923) The modern architectural movement did not appear out of nowhere. The development of new technologies and the use of new materials played a major role in this. In order to understand the factors in the creation of modern architecture, it is necessary to go back to the Industrial Revolution. This period has changed not only the architectural aspects but also the social aspects of people's daily lives. The process that started with the invention of the steam engine, the construction of railways, and the easy processing of materials that could only be processed in primitive ways for centuries, such as the iron, have changed human life. Everything that affects people physically and sociologically has also directly affected architecture. A new architectural trend has been created in line with the needs of people. We can say that the biggest factor in the creation of modern architecture is the Industrial Revolution.