Certified trading chains in mineral production

Abstract

Different approaches of governance systems to ensure the compliance of process and production methods, including the social and environmental aspects, have been developed (cf. Levin 2008a). They have different motivations and objectives as well as different liabilities. The strongest governance systems are government regulations, if enforced accordingly. Authorized by a democratic system, they should reflect a national perspective towards management e.g. of natural resources. Regulation and enforcement are in the responsibility and supervision of government institutions. Apart from their national focus they are also influenced by and obliged to international treaties, conventions and standards e.g. on trade, labour and environment.