Associations of Baseline and Longitudinal Serum Uromodulin With Kidney Failure and Mortality: Results From the African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension (AASK) Trial

Abstract

Rationale & Objective: Uromodulin (UMOD) is the most abundant protein found in urine and has emerged as a promising biomarker of tubule health. Circulating UMOD is also detectable, but at lower levels. We evaluated whether serum UMOD levels were associated with the risks of incident kidney failure with replacement therapy (KFRT) and mortality. Study Design: Prospective cohort. Setting & Participants: Participants in AASK (the African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension) with available stored serum samples from the 0-, 12-, and 24-month visits for biomarker measurement. Predictors: Baseline log-transformed UMOD and change in UMOD over 2 years. Outcomes: KFRT and mortality. Analytical Approach: Cox proportional hazards and mixed-effects models. Results: Among 500 participants with baseline serum UMOD levels (mean age, 54 y; 37% female), 161 KFRT events occurred during a median of 8.5 years. After adjusting for baseline demographic factors, clinical factors, glomerular filtration rate, log-transformed urine protein-creatinine ratio, and randomized treatment groups, a 50% lower baseline UMOD level was independently associated with a 35% higher risk of KFRT (adjusted HR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.07-1.70). For annual UMOD change, each 1–standard deviation lower change was associated with a 67% higher risk of KFRT (adjusted HR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.41-1.99). Baseline UMOD and UMOD change were not associated with mortality. UMOD levels declined more steeply for metoprolol versus ramipril (P < 0.001) as well as for intensive versus standard blood pressure goals (P = 0.002). Limitations: Small sample size and limited generalizability. Conclusions: Lower UMOD levels at baseline and steeper declines in UMOD over time were associated with a higher risk of subsequent KFRT in a cohort of African American adults with chronic kidney disease and hypertension. Plain-Language Summary: Prior studies of uromodulin (UMOD), the most abundant protein in urine, and kidney disease have focused primarily on urinary UMOD levels. The present study evaluated associations of serum UMOD levels with the risks of kidney failure with replacement therapy (KFRT) and mortality in a cohort of African American adults with hypertension and chronic kidney disease. It found that participants with lower levels of UMOD at baseline were more likely to experience KFRT even after accounting for baseline kidney measures. Similarly, participants who experienced steeper annual declines in UMOD also had a heightened risk of kidney failure. Neither baseline nor annual change in UMOD was associated with mortality. Serum UMOD is a promising biomarker of kidney health.