Nematodes of cacao and their integrated management

Abstract

Abstract Geographic distribution of nematodes parasitic or associated with cocoa crops are revised. Damage symptoms are described for root-knot nematodes, “sudden death” of plants and disease complexes associated with other species. Integrated management approaches to nematode control are discussed, with reference to occurrence and use of resistant planting materials, production of nematodefree seedlings in nurseries, use of nematicides, organic amendments and biological control.