Assessment of dapagliflozin effect on diabetic endothelial dysfunction of brachial artery (ADDENDA-BHS2 trial): Rationale, design, and baseline characteristics of a randomized controlled trial

Abstract

Background: Endothelial dysfunction (ED) is a hallmark in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) that favor both atherogenesis and ischemia and reperfusion injury (IRI). Sodium-glucose-2 co-transporter inhibitors (SGLT2i) may hypothetically improve microvascular and macrovascular functions via a broad spectrum of mechanisms, being superior to traditional antidiabetic therapy such as sulfonylurea, even in subjects under equivalent glycemic control. Hence, the present clinical trial was designed to compare the effect of these two treatments on markers of arterial wall function and inflammation in T2DM patients as well as on the potential mediating parameters. Method and results: ADDENDA-BHS2 is a prospective, single-center, active-controlled, open, randomized trial. Ninety-eight participants (40-70 years old) with HbA1c 7-9% were randomized (1:1, stratified by gender, BMI and HbA1c levels) to either dapagliflozin 10 mg/day or glibenclamide 5 mg/day on top of metformin. The primary endpoint was the change of flow-mediated dilation (FMD) after a 12-week period of treatment evaluated at rest and after IRI between dapagliflozin and glibenclamide arms. Secondary outcomes were defined as the difference between treatments regarding: plasma nitric oxide (NO) change after FMD, plasma isoprostane, plasma levels of vascular inflammatory markers and systemic inflammatory markers, plasma levels of adipokines, anthropometric measures, glucose control parameters, office and ambulatory BP control. Safety endpoints were defined as systolic and diastolic function assessed by echocardiography and retinopathy change. Serious adverse events were recorded. The study protocol was approved by the Independent Scientific Advisory Committee. Conclusion: The ADDENDA-BHS2 trial is an investigator-initiated clinical trial comparing the effect of dapagliflozin versus glibenclamide on several aspects of vascular function in high cardiovascular risk T2DM patients. Besides, a large clinical and biochemical phenotype assessment will be obtained for exploring potential mediations and associations. Trial registration Clinical trial registration: NCT 02919345 (September, 2016).