TXT-tool 2.385-1.1 A comprehensive landslide monitoring system: The kostanjek landslide, Croatia

Abstract

In this paper the general design of the integrated monitoring system of the Kostanjek landslide (Zagreb, Croatia) will be briefly presented. A comprehensive automated real-time monitoring system has been installed as a part of the research activities in the Croatian-Japanese SATREPS FY2008 scientific project on landslides in 2011-2013. The monitoring system consist of sensors for geodetic, hydrological and geotechnical monitoring to monitor landslide movement and landslide causal factors. Equipment for landslide monitoring at the surface and in the underground include 15 precise GNSS stations, long-and short-span extensometers, pore pressure gauges in boreholes, water level gauges in wells, rain gauge, weather station and accelerometers. All monitoring equipment is connected in the system entitled the Kostanjek Landslide Observatory. Monitoring of this deep and large landslide during multiple extreme hydro-meteorological events from January 2013 to January 2015 enabled collection of data for the analysis of landslide movement both on and below the surface as well as analysis of the relationship between landslide reactivations and their triggers, i.e., changes in groundwater level and precipitation. Monitoring results have proven established monitoring system as a sound tool for long-term monitoring as well as for landslide characterization. Preliminary application of landslide characterization (i.e., determination of landslide geometry) was presented in the form of numerical modeling to access changes on the landslide surface and run-out length for hazard and risk mapping purposes.