Cord blood CD81 T-cell expansion following granulocyte transfusions eradicates refractory leukemia

Abstract

The action of hematopoietic cell transplantation in controlling leukemia is principally mediated by donor T cells directed against residual recipient malignant cells. However, its utility is limited by graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), where alloreactivity is extended beyond leukemic and marrow cells. In a human/murine chimeric model, we previously showed that the preferential infiltration of cord blood (CB) CD81 T cells eradicates an Epstein-Barr virus–driven lymphoblastoid tumor without causing xenogeneic GVHD. In the clinic, however, cord blood CD81 T-cell reconstitution is significantly delayed, and the observation of such a robust antileukemia effect mediated by cord blood CD81 T cells has not been reported. We describe an observation of very early T-cell expansion in 4 high-risk pediatric leukemia patients receiving third-party, pooled granulocytes after T cell–replete CB transplantation (CBT). The T-cell expansion was transient but robust, including expansion of CD81 T cells, in contrast to the delayed CD81 T-cell expansion ordinarily observed after T cell–replete CBT. The CD81 T cells were polyclonal, rapidly switched to memory phenotype, and had the ability to mediate cytotoxicity. This phenomenon is reproducible, and each patient remains in long-term remission without GVHD. The results suggest that fetal-derived CB CD81 T cells can be exploited to generate robust antileukemia effects without GVHD.