Xanthurenic acid inhibits metal ion-induced lipid peroxidation and protects NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase from oxidative inactivation

Abstract

Vitamin B6 deficiency increases the lipid peroxidation and the synthesis of xanthurenic acid from tryptophan. Antioxidant properties of xanthurenic acid were examined in relation to the coordination of transition metals. Xanthurenic acid inhibited the formation of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances as a marker of iron-mediated lipid peroxidation and copper-dependent oxidation of low density lipoprotein. NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.42), a principal NADPH-generating enzyme for the antioxidant defense system, was inactivated by reduced iron and copper, and xanthurenic acid protected the enzyme from the Fe2+-mediated inactivation. Xanthurenic acid may participate in the enhanced regeneration of reduced glutathione by stimulating the NADPH supply. Xanthurenic acid further enhanced the autooxidation of Fe2+ ion. Other tryptophan metabolites such as kynurenic acid and various quinoline compounds did not inhibit the lipid peroxidation and the inactivation of NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase, and they showed little or no effect on the Fe2+ autooxidation. The antioxidant properties of xanthurenic acid are related to the metal-chelating activity and probably to the enhanced oxidation of reduced transition metals as a prooxidant, and this action may be due to the electron deficient nature of this compound.