Erythrocyte compression index is impaired in patients with residual vein obstruction

Abstract

Defective clot contraction has been postulated to contribute to thrombosis. We aimed to evaluate the association of residual vein obstruction (RVO) with erythrocyte compression within the whole-blood clot. We studied 32 patients with venous thromboembolism (VTE) taking vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) for at least 3 months (median time in therapeutic range 60%), including 12 (37.5%) with RVO, and 32 age- and sex-matched controls. In all study participants we evaluated whole blood clot retraction, expressed as the erythrocyte compression index (ECI), defined as a ratio of mean polyhedrocyte area to mean native erythrocyte area, along with clot area covered by polyhedrocytes, plasma clot permeability (Ks), clot lysis time (CLT), and thrombin generation. In both groups higher ECI, indicating impaired clot contraction, increased with older age, higher body mass index, red blood cell distribution width, and lower platelet count (all p < 0.05), but not with red blood cell count. In VTE patients ECI was 15.8% higher than in controls (median 63.6 vs. 54.9%, p = 0.021). Subjects with RVO had 20% higher ECI and 155% lower clot area covered by polyhedrocytes. RVO patients had also prolonged CLT by 41%, but not Ks, and elevated peak thrombin generation by 33%, as compared to those without RVO (all p < 0.05). This study is the first to show impaired compression of erythrocytes in RVO patients despite VKA anticoagulation. Altered ECI coexisted with hypolysability and increased thrombin generation. ECI might be useful in the diagnostic process of RVO or post-thrombotic syndrome and can help optimize the anticoagulant therapy.