Intestinal lamina propria CD4 + T cells promote bactericidal activity of macrophages via galectin-9 and Tim-3 interaction during Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection

Abstract

The intestinal immune system is crucial for protection from pathogenic infection and maintenance of mucosal homeostasis. We studied the intestinal immune microenvironment in a Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium intestinal infection mouse model. Intestinal lamina propria macrophages are the main effector cells in innate resistance to intracellular microbial pathogens. We found that S. Typhimurium infection augmented Tim-3 expression on intestinal lamina propria CD4 + T cells and enhanced galectin-9 expression on F4/80 + CD11b + macrophages. Moreover, CD4 + T cells promoted the activation and bactericidal activity of intestinal F4/ 80 + CD11b + macrophages via the Tim-3/galectin-9 interaction during S. Typhimurium infection. Blocking the Tim-3/galectin-9 interaction with α-lactose significantly attenuated the bactericidal activity of intracellular S. Typhimurium by macrophages. Furthermore, the Tim-3/galectin-9 interaction promoted the formation and activation of inflammasomes, which led to caspase-1 cleavage and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) secretion. The secretion of active IL-1β further improved bactericidal activity of macrophages and galectin-9 expression on macrophages. These results demonstrated the critical role of the cross talk between CD4 + T cells and macrophages, particularly the Tim-3/galectin-9 interaction, in antimicrobial immunity and the control of intestinal pathogenic infections.