The phenomenon of a MAP

Abstract

This chapter presents the evolution of maps as the visual notation of a fragment of reality which is of interest to humans. Although each stage in the evolution of knowledge about the world is accompanied by a different graphic presentation of map elements, the main map functions have not changed for centuries. In order to transfer a map into a usable model depicting distribution of objects that belong to one or more groups, the selection analysis of a map scale and projection was enriched in the twentieth century with the study of perceptual features of its graphical language. Bertin’s ‘visual variables’ system where a hierarchical series of logical functions was assigned to each variable became a starting point for discussion and research which increased the pragmatic value of graphical maps. Facing new computer techniques for map generation, cartographers realised that it is necessary to create a system of independent visual variables adjusted to all contemporary technologies of map creation. The chapter highlights the role of the International Cartographic Association in the formalisation of the discipline of ‘cartography’ and its relations with contemporary fields of science. Modification of the map definition, content, form and function are meaningful in the development of the field. At the current formalisation stage, an example of such a modification is a relation between colour attributes and Bertin’s variables. The chapter also incorporates examples of visual presentation which do not correspond to the map definition, but they fulfil selected utilitarian functions.