Lifelong learning as a flag of convenience

Abstract

Owners of rustbucket ships register them in Liberia and Panama, where requirements are less onerous than in New York, London, Tokyo or Rotterdam. Flags of convenience conceal harsh working conditions, slipshod cargo-handling and careless piloting procedures. But getting a flag of convenience saves shipowners’ money. If disgruntled crew do not like it, they can try their luck with the captain.