Testicular sperm extraction (TESE): an update

Abstract

This article gives an overview of the history of TESE and TESE-ICSI, the Dutch context, physiology, pathophysiology and histology of the phenotype non obstructive azoospermia. Outcome of ICSI with testicular sperm is discussed. As well as work-up for TESE, surgical technique, complications, late effects and controversial pretreatment strategies. Finally, innovations in diagnostics and treatment are discussed.