Chocolate city, vanilla suburbs revisited

Abstract

Despite the long history of racial hostility, African Americans after 1990 began moving from the city of Detroit to the surrounding suburbs in large numbers. After World War II, metropolitan Detroit ranked with Chicago, Cleveland, and Milwaukee for having the highest levels of racial residential segregation in the United States. Detroit's suburbs apparently led the country in their strident opposition to integration. Today, segregation scores are moderate to low for Detroit's entire suburban ring and for the larger suburbs. Suburban public schools are not highly segregated by race. This essay describes how this change has occurred and seeks to explain why there is a trend toward residential integration in the nation's quintessential American Apartheid metropolis.