Screening, early diagnosis, genetic markers, and predictors of diabetic nephropathy

Abstract

Early and accurate identification of diabetic nephropathy will improve patient care. Known biomarkers of diabetic nephropathy are indicators of renal tissue injury, including urinary excretion of proteins such as albumin and collagen. Azotemia confirms kidney damage and predicts future evolution. Inflammatory markers may be mechanistically relevant. Allelic variations may provide novel insights but thus far appear unsuitable as markers. Non-renal markers of diabetic nephropathy include its associated clinical features such as retinopathy, neuropathy, and non-dipping hypertension. Markers of irreversibility are needed. The best biomarkers will be cost-effective, sensitive, and specific, and their measurement will relieve illness and prolong life.