Recent Development of Endoscopic Intrarenal Stone Surgery: Approaches and Surgical Tips

Abstract

Recent development of technology allows us to provide tailored management for patients with urolithiasis. Not only it significantly reduces rates of mortality and morbidity but also it increases surgical outcomes. In the era of flexible Ureteroscopy and nephroscopy, urologists have shown the expanding indica­tions of minimally invasive surgical therapy for managing complicated renal and ureteral stones. Combined approach of antegrade and retrograde manners for removal of compli­cated renal stones has been widely accepted to urologists over the last several decades. Endoluminal endourology contains endo­scopic management of urinary stone, ureteral stricture, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and urothelial carcinoma. We will hereby review the indications and treatment modalities