Undecaprenyl phosphate metabolism in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria

Abstract

Undecaprenyl phosphate (UP) is essential for the biosynthesis of bacterial extracellular polysaccharides. UP is produced by the dephosphorylation of undecaprenyl diphosphate (UPP) via de novo synthetic and recycling pathways. Gram-positive bacteria contain remarkable amounts of undecaprenol (UOH), which is phosphorylated to UP, although UOH has not been found in Gram-negative bacteria. Here, current knowledge about UPP phosphatase and UOH kinase is reviewed. Dephosphorylation of UPP is catalyzed by a BacA homologue and a type-2 phosphatidic acid phosphatase (PAP2) homologue. The presence of one of these UPP phosphatases is essential for bacterial growth. The catalytic center of both types of enzyme is located outside the cytoplasmic membrane. In Gram-positive bacteria, an enzyme homologous to DgkA, which is the diacylglycerol kinase of Escherichia coli, catalyzes UOH phosphorylation. The possible role of UOH and the significance of systematic construction of Staphylococcus aureus mutants to determine UP metabolism are discussed. Abbreviations: IPP, isopentenyl diphosphate; FPP, farnesyl diphosphate; UOH, undecaprenol; UP, undecaprenyl phosphate; UPP, undecaprenyl diphosphate; PAP2, type-2 phosphatidic acid phosphatase.