Rebuilding strategic autonomy: ASEAN’s response to US–China strategic competition

Abstract

Unity in diversity, centrality, and inclusive development have been internalized as defining characteristics of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), based on the organization’s longstanding practice. However, with the intensification of strategic competition between China and the United States, these ASEAN characteristics are under strain, causing strategic difficulties for ASEAN. In 2022, ASEAN reestablished its centrality through building internal consensus, upgrading and expanding its partnership network, and guiding the regional agenda of major powers to incorporate ASEAN goals. Influenced by great power competition, ASEAN showcased considerable strategic autonomy and initiative, exhibiting leadership in the reconstruction of regional order and serving as a model for small and medium-size countries. Launching a new non-aligned movement, ASEAN is pushing multipolarity in the region in its efforts to hedge against “a new cold war”.