Mutations in the α8 Loop of Human APE1 Alter Binding and Cleavage of DNA Containing an Abasic Site

Abstract

Recent crystallographic studies reveal loops in human AP endonuclease 1 (APE1) that interact with the major and minor grooves of DNA containing apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites. These loops are postulated to stabilize the DNA helix and the flipped out AP residue. The loop α8 interacts with the major groove on the 3′ side of the AP site. To determine the essentiality of the amino acids that constitute the α8 loop, we created a mutant library containing random nucleotides at codons 222-229 that, in wild-type APE1, specify the sequence NPKGNKKN. Upon expression of the library (2 × 106 different clones) in Escherichia coli and multiple rounds of selection with the alkylating agent methyl-methane sulfonate (MMS), we obtained ∼2 x 105 active mutants that complemented the MMS sensitivity of AP endonuclease-deficient E. coli. DNA sequencing showed that active mutants tolerated amino acid substitutions at all eight randomized positions. Basic and uncharged polar amino acids together comprised the majority of substitutions, reflecting the positively charged, polar character of the wild-type loop. Asn-222, Asn-226, and Asn-229 exhibited the least mutability, consistent with x-ray data showing that each asparagine contacts a DNA phosphate. Substitutions at residues 226-229, located nearer to the AP site, that reduced basicity or hydrogen bonding potential, increased Km 2- to 6-fold and decreased AP site binding; substitutions at residues 222-225 exhibited lesser effects. This initial mutational analysis of the α8 loop supports and extends the conclusion of crystallographic studies that the loop is important for binding of AP·DNA and AP site incision.