Fusion of Sentinel-1 data with Sentinel-2 products to overcome non-favourable atmospheric conditions for the delineation of inundation maps

Abstract

729Sentinel-1 data are an alternative for monitoring flooded inland surfaces during cloudy periods. Supervised classification approaches with a single-trained model for the entire image demonstrate poor accuracy due to confusing backscatter conditions of the inundated areas in relation with the prevailing land cover features. This study follows instead a pixel-centric approach, which exploits the varying backscatter values of each pixel through a time series of Sentinel-1 images to train local Random Forest classification models per 3×3 pixels, and classifies each pixel in the target Sentinel-1 image, accordingly. Reference training data is retrieved from the timely close Sentinel-2-derived inundation maps. This study aims to identify the furthest mean day difference between the target Sentinel-1 image and available Sentinel-2 high accurate inundation maps (kappa coefficient—k > 0.9) that allows for the estimation of credible inundation maps for the Sentinel-1 target date. Various combinations of Sentinel-2 and Sentinel-1 training datasets are examined. The evaluation for eight target dates confirms that a Sentinel-1 inundation map with a k of 0.75 on average can be generated, when mean day difference is less than 30 days. The increment of the considered Sentinel-2 maps allows for the estimation of Sentinel-1 inundation maps with higher accuracy.