Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Abstract

Athletes have rates of ADHD similar or greater than the general population. It is important for the physician treating athletes to recognize ADHD symptoms and to be able to diagnose or refer for diagnosis of the condition and to monitor for adequacy of treatment, presence of side effects, and potential consequences of treatment with medications, including toxicities, medical risk, and the legal status of the medications within the competitive arena. Physical activity helps with symptoms, but may not be sufficient treatment alone for ADHD. Many of the perceived ergogenic effects of stimulant use in elite athletes have not been proven, yet the medications are subject to abuse based on their perceived value. The medical toxicities of cardiac arrhythmias and risk of heat injury are widely cited, but largely unfounded or unproven.