Modeling traits and method effects as latent variables

Abstract

Campbell and Fiske (1959) proposed multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) designs for the validation of measurement instruments. In these designs each of several constructs (traits) are measured with the same set of methods. According to Campbell (1959),discriminant validity is supported if the trait under investigation can be distinguished from other traits, andconvergent validity is achieved if different measurement methods yield similar results in measuring the same trait. Multiple methods are also often used in order to improve the precision of the measurement of constructs. Examples are using oral and written exams for assessing mathematical knowledge, self- and peer ratings for measuring personality constructs, or positively and negatively worded items for the measurement of well-being.