Prenatal, Natal, and Postnatal Risk Factors Associated with Molar Incisor Hypomineralization: Case–control Study

Abstract

Aim: The aim of the study is to investigate the association of molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH) with prenatal, natal, and postnatal factors among children aged 7–12 years. Materials and methods: It is a case–control study. The participants were first examined for the diagnosis of MIH as per European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry (EAPD) criteria 2003. A structured closed-ended questionnaire including potential etiological factors during prenatal, natal, and postnatal periods was constructed. A face-to-face interview was conducted with the mother, and the mother answered yes/no. Proposed risk factors were collected from exhaustive literature reviews. Results: Prenatal risk factors were found to have a strong correlation with MIH. Among these, hypertension, chickenpox, and excessive consumption of medications showed a strong correlation. Thyroid, excessive vomiting, and abortion also showed a positive correlation. Low birth weight among natal factors, pneumonia, tonsillitis, prolonged breastfeeding, and multiple hospital admissions among postnatal factors were shown to have a strong correlation with MIH. Conclusion: In the present study, the presence of prenatal and postnatal risk factors was significantly associated with a higher risk of developing MIH. A significantly higher prevalence of MIH was seen in children belonging to the lower middle socioeconomic section of the study population. Clinical significance: It’s important to identify MIH groups at risk to reach an early diagnosis so that prevention can be initiated as soon as possible. MIH-affected teeth are 10 times more prone to treatment needs than normal counterparts. Awareness among pediatricians and gynecologists is highly recommended as adequate care for pregnant women and children during the first years of life is the key to the prevention of MIH. The dental follow-up of children who are exposed to risk factors during the perinatal stages is suggested for the timely diagnosis, preventive therapies, and treatment of MIH.