Optimization of the Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Brosimum alicastrum Leaves and the Evaluation of Their Radical-Scavenging Activity

Abstract

In order to maximize the yield of the total phenolic content (TPC) and total monomeric anthocyanin (TMA) from Brosimum alicastrum leaf and to study the radical-scavenging activity, a three-level three-factor Box-Behnken design (BBD) was used to determine the optimal points for ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). In this study, we analyzed the extraction time (10, 20, and 30 min), temperature (28, 30, and 32 °C), and probe sonication power (40%, 28 W/cm²; 60%, 51 W/cm²; and 80%, 74 W/cm²). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that the sonication power plays a significant role in the extraction of phenolic compounds. An increase in time and temperature resulted in a decrease in the yield, in particular, of the TMA group. DPPH was found to be a better indicator of radical-scavenging activity than ABTS. The predicted TPC and TMA optimum levels (45.18 mg GAE/g and 15.16 mg CyE/100 g) were obtained at 28 °C, 80%, and 20-10 min. DPPH obtained a maximum value (67.27 μmol TE/g) under same optimization conditions. The RSM confirmed that TPC and TMA enhanced the antioxidant activity when subjected to low temperature (28 °C), extraction time less than 20 min, and higher sonication power (74 W/cm²), and hence achieving the better DPPH scavenging activity.