Schistosomiasis

Abstract

Schistosomiasis is one of the most imposing and widespread helminthic diseases. The immune system strives to be protective vis-à-vis Schistosoma infection, but the inevitable immunopathology may lead to fibrosis and organ dysfunction. Moreover, the skewing of immune response axis to polarized Th2 phenotype can impair resistance to other pathogens and has been associated with neoplasms, further complicating the clinical sequelae of schistosomiasis. Techniques and tools for diagnosing schistosomiasis are either cumbersome or lack sensitivity and specificity. Accordingly, many patients remain undiagnosed and receive no treatment. Currently, the only available drug is praziquantel; the use of which in mass treatment raises concerns about development of drug resistance. Indeed, Schistosoma infection is a fascinating model for gaining insight about the mutual interplay between host and parasite factors, which ultimately determines the overall morbidity. Despite decades of intensive research on schistosomiasis, unresolved issues are still intriguing scientists, one of which is the development of a vaccine. Fortunately, however, significant progress has been achieved towards the elimination of schistosomiasis. Information provided in this review should help opening venues for better diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of schistosomiasis.