Participation of Children and Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Scoping Review

Abstract

Introduction: Participation in leisure activities is beneficial for children’s health and development, including those living with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Available syntheses of knowledge about participation have focused primarily on children with physical disabilities; however, little attention is directed to children with ASD. The purpose of this study was therefore to synthesize research evidence regarding the patterns and determinants of leisure participation in this population. Methods: A scoping review of peer-reviewed studies published between 2000 and 2013 was performed. Two reviewers independently selected studies based on a systematic procedure. Inclusion criteria for studies were participants with ASD, aged 5–17 years, and description of participation in leisure activities outside of school. Data were organized and synthesized based on domains of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF): Body Functions, Activity Limitations, and Environmental factors. Results: Sixteen articles (out of 920) met the inclusion criteria and majority of those were descriptive in nature (69 %), whereas information about the factors that affect participation was reported in only 31 %. Overall, children with ASD participate in fewer leisure activities, mostly in the home setting, either with adults or on their own. Factors identified as associated with participation involved family support and social attitudes (environmental factors), sensitivity and behavioral challenges (body functions), and communication and interpersonal relationships problems (activity limitations). Discussion: Knowledge derived from this review provides preliminary understanding of and justifies greater attention towards the concept of participation in this population. Further research directions are suggested to address the identified gaps in the literature.