Relativistic Hadronic Mechanics: Nonunitary, Axiom-Preserving Completion of Relativistic Quantum Mechanics

Abstract

The most majestic scientific achievement of this century in mathematical beauty, axiomatic consistency, and experimental verifications has been special relativity with its unitary structure at the operator level and canonical structure at the classical level, which has turned out to be exactly valid for point particles moving in the homogeneous and isotropic vacuum (exterior dynamical problems). In recent decades a number of authors have studied nonunitary and noncanonical theories, here generally called deformations, for the representation of broader conditions, such as extended and deformable particles moving within inhomogeneous and anisotropic physical media (interior dynamical problems). In this paper we show that nonunitary deformations, including q-, k-, quantum-, Lie-isotopic, Lie-admissible, and other deformations, even though mathematically correct, have a number of problematic aspects of physical character when formulated on conventional spaces over conventional fields, such as lack of invariance of the basic space-time units, ambiguous applicability to measurements, loss of Hermiticity-observability in time, lack of invariant numerical predictions, loss of the axioms of special relativity, and others. We then show that the classical noncanonical counterparts of the above nonunitary deformations are equally afflicted by corresponding problems of physical consistency. We also show that the contemporary formulation of gravity is afflicted by similar problematic aspects because Riemannian spaces are noncanonical deformations of Minkowskian spaces, thus having noninvariant space-time units. We then point out that new mathematical methods, called isotopies, genotopies, hyperstructures and their isoduals, offer the possibilities of constructing a nonunitary theory, known as relativistic hadronic mechanics which: (1) is as axiomatically consistent as relativistic quantum mechanics, (2) preserves the abstract axioms of special relativity, and (3) results in a completion of the conventional mechanics much along the celebrated Einstein-Podolski-Rosen argument. A number of novel applications are indicated, such as a geometric unification of the special and general relativity via the isominkowskian geometry in which the two relativities are differentiated via the invariant basic unit, while preserving conventional Riemannian metrics, Einstein's field equations, and related experimental verifications; a novel operator form of gravity verifying the axioms of relativistic quantum mechanics under the universal isopoincaré symmetry; a new structure model of hadrons with conventional massive particles as physical constituents which is compatible with composite quarks and with established unitary classifications; and other novel applications in nuclear physics, astrophysics, theoretical biology, and other fields. The paper ends with the proposal of a number of new experiments, some of which may imply new practical applications, such as conceivable new forms of recycling nuclear waste. The achievement of axiomatic consistency in the study of the above physical problems has been possible for the first time in this paper thanks to mathematical advances that recently appeared in a special issue of the Rendiconti Circolo Matematico Palermo, and in other journals, identified in the Acknowledgments.