Regulation and Function of the Copper Ion Transport Machinery

Abstract

Impressive arrays of highly structurally and functionally conserved proteins have dedicated roles in Cu ion transport and distribution. Many questions remain to be answered in the field of Cu ion homeostasis. Currently, it is unclear exactly what mechanisms are used by the plasma membrane Cu transport proteins to safely move Cu ions across biological membranes. Are these proteins functioning alone or in a large metal ion-transporting complex? Further, once Cu is imported, how do Cu chaperones obtain their Cu cargo for delivery to proteins and cellular compartments? These and related questions are of great importance in formulating a comprehensive understanding of the molecular basis for Cu ion transport and distribution in all cells.