Biomaterials for regeneration of tendons and ligaments

Abstract

Ligaments and tendons play an important role in mediating normal movement and stability of joints in the musculoskeletal system, and their inability to undergo endogenous repair following injury leads to significant joint instability, injury of other tissues, and the development of degenerative joint disease. To restore their normal structure and function and address these clinical challenges, biomaterial scaffolds are being developed that incorporate cellular, morphogenetic, and mechanical cues into defined architectures that may be implanted as part of regenerative medicine therapies. This chapter explores the field of biomaterials for regeneration of tendons and ligaments with an emphasis on: (1) native tissue structure, function, mechanical properties, and interfaces with other orthopaedic tissues; (2) mechanisms of injury, healing responses, and limitations of current clinical approaches for repair; and (3) contemporary biomaterials-based approaches for tissue engineering of tendons and ligaments, including cell types used, design strategies, and results of their application in vitro and in vivo. Several challenges remain in achieving a successful biomaterial for tendon/ligament regeneration, yet significant design and engineering improvements have continued to enhance their functional sophistication and hold much promise for future tissue engineering strategies. © 2011 Springer-Verlag/Wien.