Measurements of SEPs

Abstract

Those who study solar energetic particles (SEPs) should be aware of the basic types of experiments that have contributed most of the observations studied in this book, and especially the tradeoff of their strengths and weaknesses, and how they fail. However, this is not a comprehensive review, only an introduction. We focus on generic dE/dx versus E instruments that are the workhorses of SEP studies, and also study time-of-flight versus E instruments that dominate precision measurements below 1 MeV amu-1. Single-detector instruments and high-energy techniques are discussed briefly.